Pharma 2023

Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from Plants and herbs and the other aspect of Pharmacognosy is Phytochemistry. The Drugs from natural sources can be obtained by the help of following methods like Computational chemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Molecular drug design, Protein structure prediction, molecular simulation, and exploratory development and Biochemistry.

Global sales of plant products was totally estimated us $60 billion in 2002 and is expected to get higher at 6.4 % average growth rate

•           Drugs from natural sources

•           Computational chemistry

•           Structure aided and computer aided drug design

•           Molecular drug design

•           Telemedicine

Drugs & Regulations are very important in aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences where it deals with Drug safety, Cost effectiveness, Drug rediscovery, Pharmaceutical services, Role of pharmacists, Radio Pharmaceuticals and Multiple drug use etc. The regulation of drugs varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions they are regulated at the state level or at both state and national levels by various bodies, as is the case in Australia.

•           Pharmaceutical services

•           Drug safety

•           Implimentation of pharmacogenetics in USA

•           Implimentation of pharmacogenetics in USA

•           Health care management and providers

•           Clinical Pharmacy Services: patient compliance

•           Regulations and organizations

•           Regulatory Affairs

•           Good governance in pharmacy

•           Online pharmacies

•           Multiple drug use

•           2Halal medication

•           Role of pharmacists

•           Drug rediscovery

Practically speaking, it involves chemical aspects of identification, and then systematic, thorough synthetic alteration of new chemical entities to make them suitable for therapeutic use. It includes synthetic and computational aspects of the study of existing drugs and agents in development in relation to their bioactivities i.e., understanding their structure-activity relationships (SAR). Pharmaceutical chemistry is focused on quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for purpose of medicinal products.

The chemical industry is one of the world’s largest branches and has significant influence on many other industries. Total global chemical shipments are worth an enormous five billion U.S. dollars

•           Protein structure prediction and molecular simulation

•           Biochemistry

•           Exploratory development

•           Phytotherapy & Complementary medicine

•           Protein structure prediction and molecular simulation

Sometimes called, molecular manufacturing is a branch of engineering that deals with the design and manufacture of extremely small electronic circuits and mechanical devices built at the molecular level of matter. Nanotechnology is also being applied to or developed for application to a variety of industrial and purification processes. Purification and environmental clean-up applications include the desalination of water, water filtration, wastewater treatment, groundwater treatment, and other Nano remediation. The global market for nanotechnology dots was estimated to generate $121.0 million in revenues in 2013. This market is expected to reach about $1.1 billion in 2016 and about $3.1 billion by 2018, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 90.8% for the five-year period, 2013 to 2018.

• Nanobiomaterials and biopharmaceuticals
• Nano-drugs
• Nanotechnology and clinical applications
• Nanotechnology in medicine and drug delivery imaging
• Nanotechnology in medicine and in targeted drug delivery
• Nanomedicines
• Nanotechnology in cancer research
• Pharmaceutical engineering
• Bionanotechnology and BioMEMS
• Nano-mechanisms for molecular Systems

The method by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimum concentration range within which maximum benefit is derived, and concentrations above or below this range can be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit at all. On the other hand, the very slow progress in the efficacy of the treatment of severe diseases, has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of therapeutics to targets in tissues.

•           Liposomes

•           Other Novel Vesicular Herbal Formulations

•           Liquid Crystals

•           Phonophoresis

•           Lontophoresis

•           Chronotherapeutics

•           Drug Loaded Erythrocytes

•           Dendrimers

•           Demerits

•           Gold Nanoparticles

•           Nanoparticles

•           Hydrogels

•           ProPrietary Novel Drug Delivery System of Plant Actives and Extracts

The pharmaceutical sciences combine broad range of scientific disciplines that are critical to the discovery and development of new drugs and therapies. Pharmaceutical Sciences is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field that aims to integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology to understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this integrated understanding into new and improved therapies against human disease. At the many of institutes internationally recognized faculty contribute to the field through inquiry into the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions with the human body and development of advanced synthetic or biologically-derived materials that can modulate these interactions in pursuit of better and safer therapies and drug products.

The worldwide market for pharmaceutical science instruments and reagents came to $47.8 billion in 2012. This figure is relied upon to increment to $51.3 billion in 2013 and $77.6 billion in 2018, with an anticipated five-year compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 8.6%.

•           Preformulation and Formulation

•           Drug Designing and Targeting

•           Routes of Drug Delivery

•           PK-PD

•           Bioavalibility and Bioequivalence

Nanotechnology has finally and firmly entered the realm of drug delivery. Performances of intelligent drug delivery systems are continuously improved with the purpose to maximize therapeutic activity and to minimize undesirable side-effects.

•           Organic Nanotubes: Promising Vehicles for Drug Delivery

•           Nanogels

•           Metal Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots

•           Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems

•           Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions

Bio Pharmaceutics plays an important role in drug discovery like drug disposition, Innovations in clinical development, Pharmaceutical technology, Pharmaceutics and drug delivery, Drug design, Targeted drug, gene delivery,  Sustained drug delivery system, Routes of administration, Fundamental drug development. The global market for quantum dots (QDs) was estimated to generate $121 million in revenues in 2013. This market is expected to reach about $1.1 billion in 2016 and about $3.1 billion by 2018, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 90.8% for the five-year period, 2013 to 2018.

•           Biopharmaceutics and drug disposition

•           Pharmaceutical technology

•           Innovations in clinical development

•           Pharmaceutics and drug delivery

•           Drug discovery and design

•           Routes of administration

•           Pre formulation studies

Bioinformatics has emerged out of the inputs of specialists from several different areas such as biology, biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, and biostatistics and computer science. Specially designed algorithms and organised computer databases are at the core of all bioinformatic operations. Algorithms, that are necessarily complex, make voluminous data easy to handle for defined purposes, in an amazingly short time, a process that is humanly impossible. 

The global market for Bioinformatics is expected to  grow from nearly $2.3 billion in 2014 to nearly $3.4 billion in 2019, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% for the period of 2014-2019.

•           Bioinformatics and computational biology

•           Biochips and bioinstrumentation

•           Bioinformatics engineering

•           Biolanguages

•           Biomedical science and engineering

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living beings. It is basically considered a field of biology, but it bisect often with many of the life sciences like Pharmaceutical Sciences. The other aspects of this are Genetic engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Genomics Proteomics, Clinical engineering, Tissue engineering, biomedical data engineering etc.

The global genetic engineering market is expected to reach $3,514.08 Million by 2019 from $1,845.25 Million in 2014, growing at a CAGR of 13.75%. Increased R&D expenditure and growth of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, increased funding for genomics research, and technological advancements are the primary growth drivers for this market during the forecast period (2014–2019).

•           Genomics and proteomics in Pharmaceutical Industry

•           Clinical engineering in Pharmaceutical Industry

•           Tissue engineering in Pharmaceutical Industry

•           Identification and classification of genes

Packaging is one of the largest industry sectors in the world, worth several billions. Pharmaceutical packaging represents a meagre percentage of this colossal market. The global healthcare industry has seen a shift in paradigm and is now skewed toward effective and meaningful packaging. Packaging was considered as an afterthought which was required merely in the final stages of manufacturing for many pharmaceutical companies about a decade ago.

•           Future of Packaging Materials

•           Regulatory Considerations-China, US, EU, Pharmacopoeia

•           EN 16679-Anti-Counterfeiting and Tamper Evidence Techniques

•           Packaging for Patient Compliance

•           Packing technology for Drug Delivery Systems

•           Serialization implementation challenges for Pharma Companies

Radiopharmaceuticals used as Diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The main group of these compounds are used as the radio tracers to diagnose the diseased tissues in a body.

The global radiopharmaceuticals market was worth US$3.8 billion in 2011 and is expected to be growing at a stupendous CAGR of 18.3% to reach a value of US$12.2 billion by 2018.

•           Radiopharmaceutical Usage

•           Bio-engineering in Pharmaceutical Industry

•           Engineering models in biomedicine

•           Bionic human

•           Clinical laboratory sciences

•           Biomedical data engineering

They are experts in the field of medicines and are not only responsible for the dispensing of prescriptions but also the purchase, manufacture and quality testing of all medicines used in a hospital. Many hospital pharmacists are qualified to prescribe in their own right. Pharmacists work closely with medical and nursing staff to ensure that patients receive the best treatment, advising on the selection, dose and administration route. They also provide help and advice to patients in all aspects of their medicines.

In 2013, there were 287,420 pharmacists and 362,690 pharmacy technicians in the United States. Since 2003, the number of pharmacists in the U.S. has fluctuated year to year, but overall has increased approximately 19 %in the last decade. The number of pharmacy technicians steadily increased in the same period, adding over 151,000 workers from 2003-2013.

•           Drug Interactions

•           Drug discovery and development

•           Industrial pharmaceutics

•           Pre-clinical studies

•           Clinical studies

•           Supply chain

Industrial Pharmacy also plays a crucial role in any drug discovery. To any novel drug discovery the industrial approach is very important to get massive commercial application. Few things which have to be considered by industries to provide a safe and cost affective medicine to the patients like Supply chain, Waste management, Product management, Post- marketing surveillance, Good manufacturing practices and Marketing.

The U.S. pharmaceutical market is the world’s most important national market. Together with Canada and Mexico, it represents the largest continental pharma market worldwide. TheUnited States alone holds some 40 percent of the global pharmaceutical market. In 2014, this share was valued around 365 million U.S. dollars. Many of the global top companies are located in the United States. In 2014, six out of the top eleven companies were U.S.-based.

•           Waste management

•           Product management

•           Post- marketing surveillance

•           Good manufacturing practices

•           Pharmaceutical Marketing

•           Pharma Manufacturing

Nanomedicine is simply the nanotechnology applications in a healthcare setting and the majority of benefits that have already been seen involve the use of nanoparticles to improve the behaviour of drug substances and in drug delivery. Today, nanomedicines are used globally to improve the treatments and lives of patients suffering from a range of disorders including ovarian and breast cancer, kidney disease, fungal infections, elevated cholesterol,menopausal symptoms, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, asthma and emphysema. Nanomedicine has the potential to develop radical new therapies based on an unprecedented control over both intracellular processes and the extracellular environment at the nanometer scale. To create precise solutions for intricate medical challenges in the area of wound healing, tissue regeneration and mitochondrial disease physical scientists, medical doctors, and industrial partners, work closely in the Radboud Nanomedicine Alliance. The National Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced delivery systems, new therapies, and in vivo imaging.

•           Scope of Nanomedicine

•           Future aspects of Nanomedicine

•           Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Diseases

•           Nanomedicine for Lung Diseases

•           Nanomedicine for blood disorders

•           Nanomedicine for CNS

•           Nanomedicine for Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) Diseases

•           Nanomedicine for other disease

•           Novel Drugs to Nano Drugs

•           Nanodrugs for Herbal medicines and Cosmetics

•           Future aspects of Nanomedicine

•           Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Diseases

•           Novel Drugs to Nano Drugs

•           Nanodrugs for Herbal medicines and Cosmetics

•           Scope of Nanomedicine

The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the development, production and marketing of medications. Thus, its immense importance as a global sector is evident. Pharmaceutical Industry includes venture that produce synthetic and plant derived preparations, vitamins, antibiotics, blood constituents, drugs in various dosage forms .They are subjected to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, competence and marketing of drugs. Pharmaceutical Sciences deals with accelerated research to discover new drugs. The industry and volume of productivity is determined by its capital etc. Evolution and elevation in pharmaceutical industry helps in controlling and treating the diseases. The pharmaceutical business is in charge of the improvement, creation and showcasing of prescriptions. In this way, its massive significance as a worldwide segment is apparent. The aggregate level of pharmaceutical income worldwide had achieved about one trillion U.S. dollars. North America is in charge of the biggest part, producing more than 40 percent of these incomes. This is for the most part because of the main part of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Be that as it may, as in numerous different ventures, the Chinese pharmaceutical segment demonstrates the most elevated development rates in the course of the most recent years.

•           The Changing Healthcare Scene & Impact on the Pharmaceutical Industry

•           The Europe Pharmaceutical Industry Is Rising to Its Challenges

•           Universal Pharmaceutical Trade

•           Pharmaceutical Analytical and QA Consulting services

•           Key issues facing the Pharmaceutical Industry

•           Pharmtech Transfer

The most fundamental goal in drug design is to predict whether a given molecule will bind to a target and if so how strongly. Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics are most often used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the biological target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it. The therapeutic response of a drug depends upon the interaction of drug molecules with cell on cell membrane related biological events at receptor sites in concentration dependent manner. Selective and effective localization of the pharmacologically-active moiety at pre-identified target(s) in therapeutic concentration, while restricting its access to non-target(s) normal cellular linings, thus minimizing toxic effects and maximizing the therapeutic index accounts from effective and efficient drug delivery.

Molecular mechanics methods may also be used to provide semi-quantitative prediction of the binding affinity. Also, knowledge-based scoring function may be used to provide binding affinity estimates. These methods use linear regression, machine learning, neural nets or other statistical techniques to derive predictive binding affinity equations by fitting experimental affinities to computationally derived interaction energies between the small molecule and the target. Ideally, the computational method will be able to predict affinity before a compound is synthesized and hence in theory only one compound needs to be synthesized, saving enormous time and cost. The reality is that present computational methods are imperfect and provide, at best, only qualitatively accurate estimates of affinity. In practice it still takes several iterations of design, synthesis, and testing before an optimal drug is discovered. Computational methods have accelerated discovery by reducing the number of iterations required and have often provided novel structures.

•           Factors influencing Drug Targeting

•           Advances in Drug Targeting components

•           Recent Approaches to Drug Targeting

•           Rational Drug Design

•           Computer Aided Drug Design

•           Drug Design Theory

•           Role of Computers in Drug Design: Their Success and Failure

•           Rational Drug Design Software

•           RACHEL Software Package

The area unit variety of motives for extending the merchandise development outside of the mature, developed economies (e.g. the EU and therefore the US) and most of them have faith in the high population and market potential of rising markets. Some reasons for this growing trend area unit result of the inevitable “patent cliff” that forces firms to any extend their reach and develop any. It's clear that rising markets supply nice market and population potential however at constant time cause sure challenges, as well as moral, GCP. Licensing in pharmaceutical production is mandatory step for pharmaceutical products. Regulatory matters is definitely acknowledged by the complete pharmaceutical community and authorities try to develop a cooperative model for harmonizing the Regulatory necessities across the regions so as to ease the world pharmaceutical development.

•           Information on Compounding

•           Drug Compliance Programs

•           FDA guidance for clinical investigations

•           Nicotine-Containing Products

•           Newly Added Guidance Documents

•           PLR Requirements for Prescribing Information

•           Regulatory Guidance Drug Registration and Listing

A huge conflict has arisen between companies producing generic, more affordable drugs, and the big pharmaceutical companies. The multi-billion dollar companies from the pharmaceutical industry are claiming to be the holders of intellectual property rights for producing certain drugs. They are putting in their entire might to stop the production of generic drugs as it could cause a serious dent in their deep pockets. The Big Pharma companies brand the drugs that they produce and sell them at exorbitant rates. Their claim that they need to be making profit to finance further research in the field of medicine is understandable. However, what needs to be curbed is the corporate avarice of these Big Pharma companies. The generic drug producing companies are using the exact same composition and formulas used to produce branded drugs for a fraction of the input cost, and thereby, are able to sell the drugs without any brand name at much affordable rates. The worldwide generics division came to $269.8 billion in 2012. This segment is relied upon to reach $300.9 billion in 2013 and $518.5 billion in 2018, with a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 11.5%. The worldwide pharma division came to $319.8 billion in 2012. This segment is relied upon to reach $400.9 billion in 2013 and $618.5 billion in 2018, with a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 15.5%.

•           What is Big Pharma?

•           Big Pharma Manufacturers

•           Increasing Generics & Biosimilars

Drug absorption is set by the drug’s chemistry properties, formulation, and route of administration. Dosage forms (e.g. tablets, capsules, solutions), consisting of the drug and alternative ingredients, square measure developed to lean by numerous routes (e.g. oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, topical, inhalational). In spite of the route of administration, medicine should be in answer to be absorbed. Thus, solid forms (e.g. tablets) should be able to disintegrate and disaggregate. And Route of Administration in medicine and pharmacological medicine is that the path by that a drug, fluid, poison, or alternative substance is taken into the body. Routes of administration square measure typically classified by the placement at that the substance is applied. Common examples embody oral and endovenous administration. Effects of Disease on Drug disposition refer to all processes concerned within the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion of medication in an exceedingly living organism.

The worldwide inpatient and outpatient clinical drug store mechanization advertise has developed to almost $3.8 billion in 2016 from $3.5 billion in 2015. The market is relied upon to develop at a five-year compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 7.9% from 2016 to 2021, expanding to $5.5 billion in 2021.

•           Clinical trials and drug information

•           Outcome research and pharmacoeconomic studies

•           Clinical case studies

•           Role of pharmacist in communicating and counseling patients

•           Clinical genomics and proteomics

•           Risks and benefits of drug therapy

•           Preparation of personalized formulation

•           Therapeutic drug monitoring

•           Influence of national and formulating policies in drug development

•           Pharmacy Clinical Services

Innovation—it is what everyone likes to talk about, but what does it really mean for millions of patients battling disease? Simply put, medical innovation can help patients live longer, healthier and more productive lives. As one of the most research-intensive and science-driven industries in the U.S., the biopharmaceutical industry is committed to the research and development (R&D) of new treatments and cures for patients, including those who have serious unmet medical needs.  With more than 7,000 innovative drugs in development worldwide by biopharmaceutical companies and over $500 billion invested in R&D since 2000, hope is certainly on the horizon. Patients are not the only ones who benefit from new drug development.  When new medicines keep patients healthier, the economy gets a boost from a healthier workforce, the cost of healthcare can go down and access improves.  Perhaps above all else, medical advances give patients one essential ingredient for survival: hope. The biopharmaceutical sector is the most research-intensive industry in the country, investing more than 10 times the amount of R&D per employee than manufacturing industries on average. With our rapidly increasing understanding of disease at the molecular level, science holds more promise for progress against many diseases today than at any time in history. The biopharmaceutical pipeline is demonstrating that promise.

•           New Medicines: Changing Lives and Managing Health Care Costs

•           Research – Identifying a New Approach to Treat a Disease or Condition

•           The Biopharmaceutical Research Ecosystem Drives Innovation

Quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider any product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality levels. End-product testing by itself does not guarantee the quality of the product. Quality assurance techniques must be used to build the quality into the product at every step and not just tested for at the end. In pharmaceutical industry, Process Validation performs this task to build the quality into the product because according to ISO 9000:2000, it had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceuticals. Quality cannot be adequately assured by in-process and finished inspections and testing but it should be built in to the manufacturing process. These processes should be controlled in order that the finished product meets all quality specifications. Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final product. If each step of production process is validated we can assure that the final product is of the best quality. Validation of the individual steps of the processes is called the process validation. Different dosage forms have different validation protocols. Process Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of final product. It gives a higher degree of assurance.

•           Strategies for Supply Chain Optimization

•           Operational issues in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

•           Strategic and Design Issues in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

•           Supply Chain Design Summary

•           Global Supply Chain Planning

Quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider any product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality levels. End-product testing by itself does not guarantee the quality of the product. Quality assurance techniques must be used to build the quality into the product at every step and not just tested for at the end. In pharmaceutical industry, Process Validation performs this task to build the quality into the product because according to ISO 9000:2000, it had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceuticals. Quality cannot be adequately assured by in-process and finished inspections and testing but it should be built in to the manufacturing process. These processes should be controlled in order that the finished product meets all quality specifications. Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final product. If each step of production process is validated we can assure that the final product is of the best quality. Validation of the individual steps of the processes is called the process validation. Different dosage forms have different validation protocols. Process Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of final product. It gives a higher degree of assurance.

•           Process Validation and Drug Quality

•           Approach to Process Validation

•           Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for Process Validation

•           Types of Process Validation

•           Validation Protocol and Report

The last few years have been a positive period overall for both the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Most importantly, there has been a renaissance with regard to the increase in the number of new drugs approved and under development for the two segments of the business.

Many of these innovations are driven by new research methods and the growth of new therapeutic options, such as immune-related oncology drugs, personalized medicine, stem cells, and biologics. We are also witnessing the development of a greater number of drugs that cure diseases rather than just extend life.

The valuations of pharma and biotech companies in the public and M&A markets soared up until August/September of this year in part because of these positive developments. More recently, there has been a setback in public valuations due to the negative publicity about drug pricing.

•           The overall Pharmaceutical And Biotech Financial Outlook advertise totaled about $123 billion in 2014 and will keep on growing to reach almost $191 billion by 2019, showing a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 9.2% amid the conjecture time frame (2014 to 2019).

•           Pharma’s Changing Landscape

•           Boom in Biotech

•           Pharma: What will the future bring?

•           Biotech: What will the future bring?

Pharmaceutical formulations, in pharmaceutics, are the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form. Formulation studies involve developing a preparation of the drug which is both stable and acceptable to the patient. For orally taken drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule.

•           Oral drugs

•           Parental Formulations

•           Topical Formulations

•           Modified release Formulations

•           Novel Drug Formulations

•           Oncological Formulations

Ethics in pharmacy is also very important for the any Pharma Practitioner weather they are from industry or from research institutes or Hospital Pharmacists. Following are the few aspects one must be aware of during the drug discovery and development like NDA (New Drug Application), Adulteration, Misbranding, Exemption in prescription, Experimental animal ethics and Human trial

•           FDCA

•           NDA

•           Adulteration

•           Misbranding

•           Exemption in prescription

•           Experimental animal ethics

•           Human trial ethics

Drug discovery is a process, which aims at identifying a compound therapeutically useful in treating and curing a disease. Typically a drug discovery effort addresses a biological target that has been shown to play a role in the development of the disease or starts from a molecule with interesting biological activities. Each year many new prescription drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The process of developing and bringing new drugs to market is important for primary care physicians to understand. A drug must undergo rigorous testing prior to marketing to and medical use by the general public. The process starts with preclinical testing. For drugs that appear safe, an investigational new drug application is filed with the FDA. If approved, clinical trials begin with phase 1 study that focus on safety and pharmacology. Phase 2 studies examine the effectiveness of the compound. Phase 3 is the final step before submitting a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA. An NDA contains all the information obtained during all phases of testing. Phase 4 studies, or post marketing studies, are conducted after a product is approved. Recent changes in legislation have streamlined the approval process. Critics contend that these changes have compromised public safety, resulting in the need to recall several products from the market. Proponents claim that changes in the approval process help patients with debilitating diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, that were previously denied critical medication because of bureaucratic regulations.

•           Steps in Modern Drug Discovery

•           Lead Discovery Methods

•           Advanced Technologies involved in Drug Discovery

•           Discovery and Development

•           Preclinical Research

•           Clinical Research

•           FDA Review

•           FDA Post-Market Safety Monitoring

•           Drug Development Research

•           Drug Development Companies

•           Drug Characterisation

Chromatography is a research centre method for the division of a blend. The blend is broken up in a liquid called the versatile stage, which brings it through a structure holding another material called the stationary stage. The different constituents of the blend travel at various velocities, making them isolated. The division depends on differential apportioning between the versatile and stationary stages. Inconspicuous contrasts in a compound's parcel coefficient result in differential maintenance on the stationary stage and in this manner influence the partition. Chromatography might be preparative or diagnostic. The motivation behind preparative chromatography is to isolate the parts of a blend for later utilize, and is subsequently a type of sanitization. Logical chromatography is done ordinarily with littler measures of material and is for building up the nearness or estimating the relative extents of analytes in a blend. The two are not fundamentally unrelated.

•           Gas Chromatography

•           Planar Chromatography

•           Super Critical Fluid Chromatography

•           Sample Handling in Chromatography

•           Qualititavive and Quantative Analysis

Chromatography accept a fundamental part in various pharmaceutical endeavors and moreover in the compound and sustenance industry. Environmental testing research offices generally need to perceive for little measures of contaminants, for instance, PCBs in misuse oil, and pesticides. The Environmental Protection Agency makes the system for chromatography to test drinking water and to screen air quality. Pharmaceutical endeavors use this system both to design immense measures of to an awesome degree unadulterated materials, and besides to inspect the refined blends for take after contaminants. • Clinical determination of illnesses and scatters • HPLC in fingerprinting and Bioinformatics • Petrochemicals and Catalysis • Ebola Immunization • Polymer Synthesis • LC-NMR • Clinical Diagnostics • Environmental Testing • Food and Beverage Analysis • Forensic Tests • Life Sciences

•           Pharmaceutical Analysis

•           Clinical diagnosis of diseases and disorders

•           HPLC in fingerprinting and Bioinformatics

•           Petrochemicals and Catalysis

•           Ebola Immunisation

•           Polymer Synthesis

•           LC-NMR

The sort of cooperation between stationary stage, versatile stage, and substances contained in the blend is the fundamental part viable on detachment of atoms from each other. Chromatography strategies in view of segment are extremely powerful on partition, and ID of little particles as amino acids, starches, and unsaturated fats. Notwithstanding, proclivity chromatographers (i.e. particle trade chromatography) are more powerful in the partition of macromolecules as nucleic acids, and proteins. Paper chromatography is utilized as a part of the detachment of proteins, and in examines identified with protein combination; gas-fluid chromatography is used in the division of liquor, Esther, lipid, and amino gatherings, and perception of enzymatic associations, while sub-atomic strainer chromatography is utilized particularly for the assurance of sub-atomic weights of proteins. Agarose-gel chromatography is utilized for the cleaning of RNA, DNA particles, and Virus.

•           Advances in separations using Adsorbent materials

•           Applications of electrophoresis

•           Gas separations

•           Recent advances in separation techniques

•           Development of innovative gas separation techniques